Archive for October, 2009

Father’s Rights

Friday, October 2nd, 2009

Father’s Rights

The fathers’ rights movement is a movement whose members are primarily interested in issues related to family law, including child custody and child support that affect fathers and their children father’s rights[1][2] Many of its members are fathers who desire to share the parenting of their children equally with their children’s mother – either after divorce or as unwed fathers father’s rights The movement includes women as well as men, often the second wives of divorced fathers or other family members of men who have had some engagement with family law father’s rights[3][1][4]

Most of the members of the fathers’ rights movement had little prior interest in the law or politics father’s rights However, as they felt that their goal of equal shared parenting was being frustrated by the family courts, many took an interest in family law, including child custody and child support father’s rights[1][5][2]

Though it has been described as a social movement,[6][7] members of the movement believe their actions are better described as part of a civil rights movement father’s rights[5][8] Objections to the characterizations of the movement as a social movement are related to the belief that discrimination against fathers moves beyond the social sciences and originates in government intervention into family life father’s rights[9]

The movement has received international press coverage as a result of high profile activism of their members,[1][2] has become increasingly vocal, visible and organised, and has played a powerful role in family law debates father’s rights[1]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Demographics
o 1 father’s rights1 Political and social views
* 2 Beliefs and activities
* 3 Main issues
o 3 father’s rights1 Family court system
o 3 father’s rights2 Shared parenting
o 3 father’s rights3 Child support
o 3 father’s rights4 Domestic violence
o 3 father’s rights5 Parenting time interference
o 3 father’s rights6 No-fault divorce
o 3 father’s rights7 Government involvement
o 3 father’s rights8 Unwarranted termination of parental rights
o 3 father’s rights9 Terminology
* 4 Notable supporters
o 4 father’s rights1 Significant writers
* 5 See also
* 6 Footnotes
* 7 References
* 8 External links

[edit] Demographics

The fathers’ rights movement exists almost exclusively in industrialized countries, where divorce has become more common father’s rights[10] It emerged in the West from the 1960s onwards as part of the men’s movement with organizations such as Families Need Fathers originating in the 1970s father’s rights[11][12] In the late twentieth-century, the growth of the internet permitted wider discussion, publicity and activism about issues of interest to fathers’ rights activists father’s rights[13] Factors thought to contribute to the development of the fathers’ rights movement include shifting household demographics brought about by rising divorce and falling marriage rates, changes in the understanding and expectations of fatherhood, motherhood and childhood and shifts in how legal systems impact families father’s rights[1][2][14]

Fathers’ rights groups in the West are primarily composed of white, middle or working class, heterosexual men father’s rights[15][16][17][11] Members tend to be politically conservative[18][4] but do not share a single set of political or social views[18] and are highly diverse in their goals and methods father’s rights[12][19] The movement advocates for strong relationships with their children,[18] and a focus on a narrowly defined set of issues based on the concerns of divorced or divorcing men father’s rights[12] Women, often the second wives of divorced fathers or other family members of men who have had some engagement with family law are also members of the fathers’ rights movement, making up approximately 15 per cent of the membership,[17][4] a fact that the groups take pains to emphasize father’s rights[3][20] In Australia, groups tend to form and dissolve quickly, with long-term membership the result of the activities of a small number of dedicated individuals father’s rights[3] Groups have been short-lived and unstable, as many members and leaders do not remain with the group after they have been helped father’s rights[1] In 2005, disputes within UK group Fathers 4 Justice occurred, with two of the best-known figures accused of defrauding an individual out of ₤500, while the accused men claimed they were ejected for questioning the organization’s finances father’s rights[21]
[edit] Political and social views

The fathers’ rights movement has both liberal and conservative branches, with different viewpoints about how men and women compare father’s rights Though both groups agree on the victimization and discrimination against men, they disagree on why men and women differ (nature versus nurture) and traditional gender roles father’s rights The liberal version believes differences between the sexes are due to culture, and support equality between men and women; in contrast the conservative branch believes in traditional patriarchal families and that the differences between genders are due to biology father’s rights[22][23][24][25] Ross Parke and Armin Brott view the fathers’ rights movement as one of three strands within the men’s movement that deal almost exclusively with fatherhood, the other two being the good fathers’ movement and groups forming the Christian Men’s movement – the Promise Keepers being the largest father’s rights[18]

The movement has been described as part of a gender war in response to increasing female power in Western society, and the consequent challenge to men’s traditional roles and authority father’s rights[1][2][26] Warren Farrell, a veteran of the womens’, mens’ and fathers’ movement since the 1970s, describes the fathers’ rights movement as part of a larger “gender transition movement”, and thinks that similar to women in the 1960s, fathers are transitioning from gender-based to more flexible family roles father’s rights Farrell also believes the movement helps children by increasing the number who are raised equally by both parents, with social, academic, psychological and physical benefits – in his opinion it becomes a children’s rights issue with fathers acting as advocates father’s rights[10]

Like other political advocacy groups, members of fathers’ rights groups cast their personal troubles as pressing social problems,[27][28] and that they use rhetorical strategies to elicit emotional responses father’s rights[27] Michael Flood states that its members support shared parenting only as a symbolic issue related to “rights”, “equality”, and “fairness father’s rights” He also states that its members are not actually interested in the shared care of their children or on the wishes of their children, and he adds that fathers’ rights groups have advocated policies and strategies which are harmful to mothers and children and also harmful to the fathers themselves father’s rights[29] In contrast, social scientist Sanford Braver states that the bad divorced dad image is a seriously inaccurate myth that has led to harmful and dangerous social policies father’s rights[30]
[edit] Beliefs and activities

Members of the fathers’ rights movement assert that fathers are discriminated against as a result of gender bias in family law,[2][12][23][25] that custody decisions have been a denial of equal rights,[25][31] and that the influence of money has corrupted family law father’s rights[32] The movement’s primary focus has been to campaign (including lobbying and research) for formal legal rights for fathers, and sometimes for children, and to campaign for changes to family law related to child custody, support and maintenance, domestic violence and the family court system itself father’s rights[1][24] Fathers’ rights groups also provide emotional and practical support for members during separation and divorce father’s rights[1][24]

Some fathers’ rights groups have become frustrated with the slow pace of traditional campaigning for law reform father’s rights[12] Groups such as Fathers 4 Justice have become increasingly vocal and visible, undertaking public demonstrations which have attracted public attention and influenced the politics of family justice father’s rights[12] Some protests have proved controversial and have led to public disorder convictions for participants father’s rights[33][34]

The activities of some Fathers’ rights groups have led to allegations of harassment and threatening behavior,[35][36] and in a conviction for stalking father’s rights[37][38] Fathers’ rights activists have condemned violent behaviour,[24][39] with Matt O’Connor of Fathers 4 Justice asserting that his organisation was committed to “peaceful, non-violent direct action” and that members caught engaging in intimidation would be expelled father’s rights[36]
[edit] Main issues
[edit] Family court system
Main article: Family law

Members of the fathers’ rights movement criticize the family court system father’s rights They define court-determined custody as not a right to parent one’s children but as the power to prevent the other partner from parenting,[40] and they state that family courts are biased against fathers and shared custody father’s rights[41][42][43] They state that the outcome of divorce is overly one-sided, divorce is initiated by mothers in more than two-thirds of cases – especially when children are involved, and that divorce provides advantages for women, such as automatic custody of the children and financial benefits in the form of child support payments father’s rights[44] They also state that family courts are slow to help fathers enforce their parental rights,[45] expensive and time-consuming father’s rights[46]

Members of the fathers’ rights movement including Stephen Baskerville, a former president of the American Coalition of Fathers and Children, state that family courts are secretive, censoring and punitive of fathers who criticize them,[40] and they also state that employees and activists within the courts support and benefit from the separation of children from their parents father’s rights[47][48] Baskerville further states that family law today represents civil rights abuses and intrusive perversion of government power father’s rights[49]

Others contest these conclusions, state that family courts are biased in favor of fathers[12][42] and also state that the lower percentage of separated fathers as custodial parents is a result of choices made by fathers rather than bias of family courts father’s rights[50]
[edit] Shared parenting
Main articles: Child custody, shared parenting, and best interests

Stating that “children need two parents” and that “children have a fundamental human right to an opportunity and relationship with both their mother and father”, members of the fathers’ rights movement call for greater equality in parental responsibility following separation and divorce father’s rights[51][52] They call for laws creating a rebuttable presumption of 50/50 shared custody after divorce or separation, so that children would spend equal time with each parent unless there were reasons against it father’s rights[53] They point to studies showing that children in shared custody settings are better adjusted and have fewer social problems such as low academic achievement, crime, pregnancy, substance abuse, depression and suicide,[47][54][55] and state that shared parenting is in fact in the best interests of the child father’s rights[56][57] Warren Farrell states that for children, equally shared parenting with three conditions: the child has about equal time with mom and dad, the parents live close enough to each other that the child does not need to forfeit friends or activities when visiting the other parent, and there is no bad-mouthing, is the second best family arrangement to the intact two-parent family, followed by primary father custody and then primary mother custody, and he adds that if shared parenting cannot be agreed upon, children on average are better off psychologically, socially, academically, and physically, have higher levels of empathy and assertiveness, and lower levels of ADHD, if their father is their primary custodial parent rather than their mother father’s rights[10]

Members of the fathers’ rights movement and their critics disagree about the correlation of negative developmental outcomes for children to sole custody situations father’s rights Social scientist V father’s rights C father’s rights McLoyd states that father absence covaries with other relevant family characteristics such as the lack of an income from a male adult, the absence of a second adult, and the lack of support from a second extended family system and conclude that it is the negative effects of poverty, and not the absence of a father, that result in negative developmental outcomes father’s rights[58] On the other hand, members of the fathers’ rights movement state that although the consequences of poverty and having a single parent are interrelated, each is a risk factor with independent effects on children,[59] and that the negative outcomes for children in sole custody situations correlate more strongly to “fatherlessness” than to any other variable including poverty father’s rights[60][61]

Members of the fathers’ rights movement criticize the best interests of the child standard currently used in many countries for making custody decisions, which they describe as highly subjective and based on the personal prejudices of family court judges and court-appointed child custody evaluators,[56][57][62][63] and that courts are abusive when more than half custody is taken away from a willing, competent parent father’s rights[64] Members of the fathers’ rights movement including Ned Holstein state that a rebuttable presumption of shared parenting is supported by a majority of citizens,[65] and Baskerville states that proposals to enact such laws are opposed by divorce lawyers and by feminist organizations, the latter by invoking the specter of domestic violence and child abuse as propaganda directed against fathers and fathers’ rights groups father’s rights[66]

Mo Yee Lee states that joint custody arrangements are good for children only if there is no conflict between the parents father’s rights[67] Feminist groups state that if shared parenting were ordered, fathers would not provide their share of the daily care for the children father’s rights[50] The National Organization of Women and the American Bar Association also question the motives of those promoting shared parenting, noting that it would result in substantial decreases in or termination of child support payments father’s rights[68][69]

Stephen Baskerville states that shared parenting has been demonstrated to reduce parental conflict by requiring parents to cooperate and compromise, and that it is the lack of constraint by one parent resulting from the ability of that parent to exclude the other, that results in increased parental conflict father’s rights[70] He further states that only when child support guidelines exceed true costs do parents ask for or seek to prevent changes in parenting time for financial reasons, adding that any argument that a parent is asking for increased parenting time to reduce child support is at the same time an argument that the other parent is making a profit from child support father’s rights[71]

Critics state that some fathers’ rights groups are more interested in enabling men to re-establish authority over their children and ex-partners and that issues of power and control in cases of domestic violence and child abuse are ignored father’s rights[72] Stephen Baskerville states that fathers have a constitutional right to shared control of their children and through political action they intend to establish parental authority for the well-being of their children father’s rights[73] Members of the fathers’ rights movement state that a rebuttable presumption for shared parenting preserves a child’s protection against unfit or violent parents father’s rights[74]
[edit] Child support
See also: Child support and paternity fraud

Members of the fathers’ rights movement campaign for the reform of child support guidelines, which in most Western countries are based on maintaining the children’s standard of living after separation, and on the assumption that the children live with one parent and never with the other father’s rights[75][76] Activists state that the current guidelines are arbitrary, provide mothers with financial incentives to divorce, and leave fathers with little discretionary income to enjoy with the children during their parenting time father’s rights[44][75][77] In the US, fathers’ rights activists propose guidelines based on a Cost Shares model, in which child support would be based on the average income of the parents and the estimated child costs incurred by both parents father’s rights[4] Laura W father’s rights Morgan has stated that it focuses on the relative living standards of divorcing parents rather than the best interests of the children and financially supporting them at the same level after divorce father’s rights[78]

Solangel Maldonado states that the law should value a broader definition of fathering for poor fathers by reducing the focus on collecting child support and encouraging the informal contributions (such as groceries, clothes, toys, time with the children) of these fathers, by counting these contributions as child support father’s rights[79]

Members of the fathers’ rights movement state that child support should be terminated under certain conditions, such as if the custodial parent limits access to the children by moving away against the wishes of the other parent, gives fraudulent testimony, or if paternity fraud is discovered,[76] adding that two men should not have to pay child support for the same child father’s rights[75]

Stephen Baskerville states that it is often difficult for fathers in financial hardship or who take on a larger caregiving role with their children to have their child support payments lowered father’s rights He also states that unemployment is the primary cause of child support arrears, and further states that these arrearages make the father subject to arrest and imprisonment without due process father’s rights[61]

Stephen Baskerville states that the purpose of child support should be publicly determined, and enforcement programs must be designed to serve that purpose, observing the due process of law father’s rights[80]
[edit] Domestic violence
Main articles: Domestic violence and child abuse

Supporters of the fathers’ rights movement assert that some women make false claims of domestic violence, sexual or child abuse in order to gain an upper hand in divorce, custody disputes and/or prevent fathers from seeing their children, and they state that lawyers advise women to make such claims father’s rights[11][62] They state that false claims of domestic violence and child abuse are encouraged by the inflammatory “win or lose” nature of child custody hearings, that men are presumed to be guilty rather than innocent by police and by the courts,[48][76][81] and that false allegations hurt the real victims of domestic violence father’s rights[82] They oppose the use of certain definitions of violence in child custody hearings that are based on fear, harassment and/or stalking, viewing them as vaguely defined and difficult to refute father’s rights[82] Lawyers and advocates for abused women assert that family court proceedings are not uncommonly accompanied with allegations of domestic violence because of the prevalence of domestic violence in society rather than as a result of false allegations of domestic violence father’s rights They also assert that domestic violence often begins or increases around the time of divorce or separation father’s rights[53]

Stephen Baskerville states that the paternal risk of child abuse is minimal father’s rights[48] He adds that when child abuse occurs, the perpetrator is not likely to be the father, and that the child abuse most often occurs after the father has been separated from his children father’s rights[44][48] He states that government policies are creating child abuse by separating children from their fathers father’s rights[48]

Supporters of the fathers’ rights movement point to domestic violence studies based on the Conflict Tactics Scale, which suggest that men and women act violently toward their partners in about equal percentages father’s rights[81][83][84] Members of the fathers’ rights movement including Michael McCormick and Glenn Sacks state that men comprise a “significant minority” of the victims of domestic violence,[85] and other supporters call for more services to be provided for male victims of domestic violence father’s rights[84] Critics of the CTS dispute its reliability father’s rights[86][87][88] Michael Flood states that the CTS definitions of domestic violence obscure “variations in the meaning, consequences, and context of violent behaviors in families and relationships father’s rights”[87]

Stephen Baskerville proposes that domestic violence and child abuse must be adjudicated as criminal assault, observing due process protections, and that government funding for programs addressing these issues must be made contingent on such protections father’s rights[80]
[edit] Parenting time interference

Glenn Sacks states that some mothers interfere with the father’s parenting time and that such interference should be stopped father’s rights[89] Sacks and Jeffrey Leving state that parenting time interference can result from the custodial parent’s relocation beyond a practical distance from the noncustodial parent and they campaign for a rebuttable presumption prohibiting such relocations father’s rights[90]
[edit] No-fault divorce
Main article: No-fault divorce

Stephen Baskerville states that laws establishing no-fault divorce did not stop at removing the requirement that grounds be cited for a divorce, so as to allow for divorce by “mutual consent”; it also allows either spouse to end the marriage without any agreement or fault by the other father’s rights[91] Phyllis Schlafly states that no-fault divorce should be referred to as unilateral divorce father’s rights[92]

Stephen Baskerville states that laws establishing no-fault divorce can be seen as one of the boldest social experiments in modern history that have effectively ended marriage as a legal contract father’s rights[93] He states that it is not possible to form a binding agreement to create a family, adding that government officials can, at the request of one spouse, end a marriage over the objection of the other father’s rights[93] He states that no-fault divorce has left fathers with no protection against what they describe as the confiscation of their children father’s rights[94]

Baskerville states that fault has entered through the back door in the form of child custody hearings, and that the forcibly divorced spouse (“defendant”) is presumed guilty father’s rights[95] Similarly, other members of the fathers’ rights movement believe that men fail to get appropriate recognition of their innocence as a result of no-fault divorce father’s rights[3] Baskerville describes a proposed amendment of no-fault divorce laws that would create a rebuttable presumption that custody of any minor children be awarded to the respondent [who is innocent or does not wish to divorce] regardless of gender father’s rights He also notes the predictions of Tim O’Brien, the author of the proposed amendment and a Libertarian, who states that the proposed amendment would result in a plummeting divorce rate and reduced negative consequences for children father’s rights[96]

Stephen Baskerville proposes “reasonable limits” on no-fault divorce when children are involved father’s rights[80] Some members of the FRM support the end of the no-fault principle in child custody and divorce decisions father’s rights[3][97][98] Some members of the fathers’ rights movement state that the availability of divorce should also be limited father’s rights[3]
[edit] Government involvement

Stephen Baskerville states that governments throughout the United States and other democracies are engaged, by accident or design, in a campaign against fathers and fatherhood, which in his view, lies at the root of a larger problem that threatens marriage, destroys families, devastates the lives of many children, and undermines parents, democracy and accountability father’s rights[99] Baskerville also states that it is the removal of the father from the family through divorce that initiates problems for which the government is perceived as the solution rather than the problem, and that these problems are then used to justify the continued existence and expansion of the government father’s rights[100] Members of the fathers’ rights movement state that modern divorce involves government officials invading parents’ private lives, evicting people from their homes, seizing their property, and taking away their children father’s rights[101][102]
[edit] Unwarranted termination of parental rights
Main article: Parents’ rights movement

Parents’ rights advocates state that many parents’ parental rights are unnecessarily terminated, and that children are separated from fathers and mothers and adopted through the actions of family courts and government social service agencies seeking to meet their own targets, rather than looking at the merits of each case father’s rights[103]

Members of the fathers’ rights movement state that government employees harm children by disregarding the loving bonds they share with their fathers, when social workers place children in the foster care system without informing their fathers father’s rights[104]
[edit] Terminology

Fathers’ and parents’ rights campaigners state that parenting time should be used to replace contact, visitation and residence father’s rights The term visitation is particularly objectionable to fathers’ rights activists, who believe that this term reinforces the idea that only one parent raises the children father’s rights It is perceived that there is a stigma associated with treating one parent as resident and the other as non-resident father’s rights

Phyllis Schlafly states that child support should be referred to as parental transfer payments father’s rights[92]
[edit] Notable supporters

Public supporters of the fathers’ rights movement and their issues, include divorced (and subsequently widowed) Live Aid founder, Bob Geldof,[105] Irish writer and journalist John Waters and Karen DeCrow, former president of the National Organization for Women father’s rights[106][107]
[edit] Significant writers

* Bettina Arndt
* Asa Baber
* Richard Doyle
* Warren Farrell
* Michael Flood
* Michael Green
* Wendy McElroy
* Glenn Sacks
* Phyllis Schlafly
* Christina Hoff Sommers

[edit] See also

* California Child Support Guideline Review
* Fathers’ rights movement by country
* Masculinity
* Parental responsibility (access and custody)
* Save Indian Family
* Families Need Fathers

[edit] Footnotes

1 father’s rights ^ a b c d e f g h i j Collier & Sheldon, 2006, p father’s rights 1–26 father’s rights
2 father’s rights ^ a b c d e f Collier, R; Sheldon S (2006-11-01) father’s rights “Unfamiliar territory: The issue of a father’s rights and responsibilities covers more than just the media-highlighted subject of access to his children” father’s rights The Guardian father’s rights http://society father’s rightsguardian father’s rightsco father’s rightsuk/children/story/0,,1935970,00 father’s rightshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2007-10-17 father’s rights
3 father’s rights ^ a b c d e f Kaye, M; Tolmie J (1998) father’s rights “Fathers’ Rights Groups in Australia and their Engagement with Issues in Family Law” (DOC) father’s rights Australian Journal of Family Law 12: 19–68 father’s rights http://sisyphe father’s rightsorg/IMG/doc/doc-656 father’s rightsdoc father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-24 father’s rights
4 father’s rights ^ a b c d Crowley, JE (2008) father’s rights Defiant Dads: Fathers’ Rights Activists in America father’s rights Cornell University Press father’s rights pp father’s rights 43–46 father’s rights ISBN 978–0801446900 father’s rights
5 father’s rights ^ a b Sacks, G; Thompson D (2006-06-21) father’s rights “Why Are There so Many Women in the Fathers’ Movement?” father’s rights Star Tribune father’s rights http://www father’s rightsglennsacks father’s rightscom/why_are_there father’s rightshtm father’s rights
6 father’s rights ^ McKee, A (2005) father’s rights The Public Sphere: an introduction father’s rights University of Queensland father’s rights pp father’s rights 47 father’s rights ISBN 9780521549905 father’s rights
7 father’s rights ^ Kenedy, R (2004) father’s rights Fathers For Justice: The Rise Of A New Social Movement In Canada As A Case Study Of Collective Identity Formation father’s rights Caravan Books father’s rights ISBN 978–0882061085 father’s rights
8 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 259 father’s rights
9 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 282 father’s rights
10 father’s rights ^ a b c Farrell, W (2001) father’s rights Father and Child Reunion father’s rights G father’s rights P father’s rights Putnam’s Sons father’s rights pp father’s rights Chap father’s rights 1–2 father’s rights ISBN 978–1585420759 father’s rights
11 father’s rights ^ a b c Gavanas, A (2004) father’s rights Kimmel MS; Aronson A father’s rights ed father’s rights Men and Masculinities father’s rights ABC-CLIO father’s rights pp father’s rights 289–91 father’s rights ISBN 1576077748 father’s rights
12 father’s rights ^ a b c d e f g Collier & Sheldon, 2006 p father’s rights 53–78
13 father’s rights ^ Lee, CN (2003) father’s rights “Fathers’ rights” father’s rights in Carroll BE father’s rights American Masculinities : A Historical Encyclopedia father’s rights SAGE Publications father’s rights pp father’s rights 166–68 father’s rights ISBN 9780761925408 father’s rights
14 father’s rights ^ Ganong, L; Coleman M (1999) father’s rights Changing Families, Changing Responsibilities: Family Obligations Following Divorce and Remarriage father’s rights Lawrence Erlbaum Associates father’s rights pp father’s rights 48 father’s rights ISBN 0805826912 father’s rights
15 father’s rights ^ Crowley, JE (2006) father’s rights “Organization Responses to the Fatherhood Crisis: the Case of Fathers’ Rights Group” father’s rights in Haas L; Wisensale SL father’s rights Families and social policy: national and international perspectives father’s rights Haworth Press father’s rights pp father’s rights 107–8 father’s rights ISBN 9780789032409 father’s rights
16 father’s rights ^ Messner, MA (1997) father’s rights Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements father’s rights Rowman & Littlefield father’s rights pp father’s rights 47 father’s rights ISBN 9780803955776 father’s rights
17 father’s rights ^ a b Bertoia, C; Drakich J (1993) father’s rights “The Fathers’ Rights Movement: Contradictions in Rhetoric and Practice” father’s rights Journal of Family Issues 14: 592–615 father’s rights http://jfi father’s rightssagepub father’s rightscom/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/592 father’s rights
18 father’s rights ^ a b c d Parke, 1999, p father’s rights 142; 148–55 father’s rights
19 father’s rights ^ Parke & Brott, 1999 p father’s rights 148
20 father’s rights ^ Collier & Sheldon, 2006
21 father’s rights ^ Coates, S (2005-06-08) father’s rights “Fathers 4 Justice split by infighting” father’s rights Times Online father’s rights http://www father’s rightstimesonline father’s rightsco father’s rightsuk/tol/news/uk/article531077 father’s rightsece father’s rights Retrieved 2008-09-03 father’s rights
22 father’s rights ^ Williams, GI (2002) father’s rights “Fathers’ Rights Movement” father’s rights Historical and Multicultural Encyclopedia of Women’s Reproductive Rights in the United States father’s rights Greenwood Press father’s rights pp father’s rights 81–83 father’s rights ISBN 978–0313306440 father’s rights
23 father’s rights ^ a b Gavanas, A (2004) father’s rights Fatherhood Politics in the United States father’s rights University of Illinois Press father’s rights pp father’s rights 10–11 father’s rights ISBN 9780252028847 father’s rights
24 father’s rights ^ a b c d Flood, M (2004) father’s rights “Angry Men’s Movements” father’s rights in Rossi SE (pdf) father’s rights The Battle and Backlash Rage On father’s rights Xlibris Corporation father’s rights
25 father’s rights ^ a b c Williams, GI; Williams RH (2003) father’s rights “Framing in the Fathers’ Rights Movement” father’s rights in Loseke DR & Best J father’s rights Social Problems: Constructionist Readings father’s rights Aldine Transaction father’s rights pp father’s rights 93–100 father’s rights ISBN 9780202307039 father’s rights
26 father’s rights ^ Doyle, C (2004) father’s rights “The Fathers Rights Movement: Extending patriarchal control beyond the marital family” father’s rights in Herrmann P father’s rights Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries father’s rights Nova Science Pub Inc father’s rights pp father’s rights 57–88 father’s rights ISBN 978–1590339008 father’s rights
27 father’s rights ^ a b Coltrane, S; Hickman, N (1992) father’s rights “The Rhetoric of Rights and Needs: Moral Discourse in the Reform of Child Custody and Child Support Laws” father’s rights Social Problems 19 (4): 400–420 father’s rights doi:10 father’s rights1525/sp father’s rights1992 father’s rights39 father’s rights4 father’s rights03x0046t father’s rights http://caliber father’s rightsucpress father’s rightsnet/doi/abs/10 father’s rights1525/sp father’s rights1992 father’s rights39 father’s rights4 father’s rights03x0046t father’s rights
28 father’s rights ^ Smyth, Bruce father’s rights “Child support Policy in Australia: Back to basics?” (PDF) father’s rights Family Matters (Australian Institute of Family Studies) (67) father’s rights http://www father’s rightsaifs father’s rightsgov father’s rightsau/institute/pubs/fm2004/fm67/bs3 father’s rightspdf father’s rights Retrieved 2007-10-10 father’s rights
29 father’s rights ^ Flood, M father’s rights “Separated Fathers and the Fathers’ Rights Movement” (DOC) father’s rights Feminism, Law and the Family Workshop father’s rights Law School, University of Melbourne father’s rights
30 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 17 father’s rights
31 father’s rights ^ Ashe, F (2007) father’s rights The New Politics of Masculinity father’s rights Routledge father’s rights pp father’s rights 58–68 father’s rights ISBN 978-0-415-30275-3 father’s rights
32 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 42 father’s rights
33 father’s rights ^ Sheaves, B (2004-11-25) father’s rights “Fathers 4 Terror” father’s rights Daily Mail father’s rights
34 father’s rights ^ “Fathers 4 Justice four are guilty” father’s rights BBC News father’s rights 2004-10-21 father’s rights http://news father’s rightsbbc father’s rightsco father’s rightsuk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/3763916 father’s rightsstm father’s rights Retrieved 2008-11-04 father’s rights
35 father’s rights ^ Bolton, MM (2006-04-21) father’s rights “Custody bill fight turns frightful” father’s rights Times-Union father’s rights http://timesunion father’s rightscom/archives/secure/docheckout father’s rightsasp?action=Get+Doc+Tag&dblst=TX2006_ALBANYTU&tagnum=200604210289&papid=albanytu&suffixes=false&synonyms=false&thesfile=savesufx father’s rightsfth&view=rtemplate&templatetype=legacy&query=headline%28Custody%29+AND+tdate%28April%29&outputtype=DOCXSLT father’s rights Retrieved 2008-11-04 father’s rights
36 father’s rights ^ a b Elliott, J; Taher A (2004-11-21) father’s rights “Fathers ‘terrorise’ lawyers: Campaigners accused of threats” father’s rights The Sunday Times father’s rights http://www father’s rightstimesonline father’s rightsco father’s rightsuk/tol/news/uk/article393501 father’s rightsece father’s rights Retrieved 2008-11-04 father’s rights
37 father’s rights ^ “Blackshirts want Family Court axed” father’s rights Australian Associated Press father’s rights 14 December 2004 father’s rights http://www father’s rightshighbeam father’s rightscom/doc/1P1-103406628 father’s rightshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2008-11-05 father’s rights
38 father’s rights ^ Cauldfield, Christine (2004-09-30) father’s rights “Stalker: lesson learned” father’s rights Herald-Sun father’s rights
39 father’s rights ^ Gilchrist, Jim (2003-05-29) father’s rights “The outlaw fathers fighting back” father’s rights The Scotsman father’s rights
40 father’s rights ^ a b Baskerville, 2007 father’s rights
41 father’s rights ^ “Select Committee on Constitutional Affairs Fourth Report” father’s rights House of Commons, Parliament UK father’s rights 2005-02-23 father’s rights http://www father’s rightspublications father’s rightsparliament father’s rightsuk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmconst/116/116we23 father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-18 father’s rights
42 father’s rights ^ a b Charalambous, M (2005-07-10) father’s rights “New research shows bias in restraining orders” father’s rights The Fatherhood Coalition father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfatherhoodcoalition father’s rightsorg/cpf/newreadings/2005/MC_Gardner_Study-2_050710 father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-04-14 father’s rights
43 father’s rights ^ “The Operation of the Family Courts” (pdf) father’s rights House of Commons Constitutional Affairs Committee Family Justice father’s rights 2004-11-08 father’s rights http://www father’s rightspublications father’s rightsparliament father’s rightsuk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmconst/116/116ii father’s rightspdf father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-18 father’s rights
44 father’s rights ^ a b c Baskerville, S (2003) father’s rights “Divorce as Revolution” father’s rights Salisbury Review 21 (4) father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfatherhoodcoalition father’s rightsorg/cpf/newreadings/2003/Divorce_as_Revolution_SBsum03 father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2008-11-10 father’s rights
45 father’s rights ^ Sacks, G; Brass R (2004-05-25) father’s rights “National Fatherhood Initiative’s Ad Campaign Insults African-American Fathers” father’s rights Daily Breeze father’s rights http://www father’s rightsglennsacks father’s rightscom/national_fatherhood_initiative_ads father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-14 father’s rights
46 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, S (2004) (PDF) father’s rights The Fatherhood Crisis: Time for a New Look father’s rights National Center for Policy Analysis father’s rights ISBN 1-56808-136-7 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsncpa father’s rightsorg/pub/st/st267/st267 father’s rightspdf father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-18 father’s rights
47 father’s rights ^ a b Baskerville, S (2002) father’s rights “The Politics of Fatherhood” father’s rights Political Science and Politics 35 (4) father’s rights http://www father’s rightschildrensjustice father’s rightsorg/politics-fatherhood father’s rightshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-15 father’s rights
48 father’s rights ^ a b c d e Baskerville, S (May 2006) father’s rights “Family Violence in America The Truth About Domestic Violence and Child Abuse” father’s rights http://www father’s rightsacfc father’s rightsorg/site/DocServer/familyviolence father’s rightspdf?docID=641 father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-14 father’s rights
49 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 24 father’s rights
50 father’s rights ^ a b Baker, Maureen (2001) father’s rights Families, labour and love: [family diversity in a changing world] father’s rights Vancouver: UBC Press father’s rights pp father’s rights 198–9 father’s rights ISBN 0-7748-0848-9 father’s rights
51 father’s rights ^ Parkin, K (1974-06-12) father’s rights “Fathers need their families” father’s rights The Guardian father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfnf father’s rightsorg father’s rightsuk/about-us/the-first-article father’s rights Retrieved 2008-11-04 father’s rights
52 father’s rights ^ “Shared Parenting Council” father’s rights Shared Parenting Council father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfamilylawwebguide father’s rightscom father’s rightsau/spca/index father’s rightsphp?page= father’s rights Retrieved 2008-11-04 father’s rights
53 father’s rights ^ a b Ottaman, Ana; Lee, Rebekah (2008) father’s rights “Fathers’ rights movement” father’s rights in Edleson, Jeffrey L father’s rights, Renzetti, Claire M father’s rights father’s rights Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence father’s rights SAGE Publications father’s rights pp father’s rights 252 father’s rights ISBN 978–1412918008 father’s rights
54 father’s rights ^ “Shared Parenting: Common Objections versus the Facts” father’s rights The Liberator (American Coalition of Fathers and Children) 32 (3) father’s rights 2005 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsacfc father’s rightsorg/site/DocServer/4web father’s rightspdf?docID=481 father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-15 father’s rights
55 father’s rights ^ McCormick M; Sacks G father’s rights “HB 5267 Will Help Michigan’s Children of Divorce” father’s rights American Coalition of Fathers and Children father’s rights http://acfc father’s rightsconvio father’s rightsnet/site/PageServer?pagename=Lansing_State_Journal father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-15 father’s rights
56 father’s rights ^ a b “New York Times Press Gives Major Press Coverage for Fathers” father’s rights Fathers & Families father’s rights 2005-05-08 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfathersandfamilies father’s rightsorg/site/news father’s rightsphp?id=54 father’s rights Retrieved 2007-05-27 father’s rights
57 father’s rights ^ a b Schlafly, P (2007-07-23) father’s rights “Children’s rights should include life with both parents” father’s rights http://www father’s rightshumanevents father’s rightscom/article father’s rightsphp?id=21639 father’s rights Retrieved 2007-09-30 father’s rights
58 father’s rights ^ McLoyd VC (February 1998) father’s rights “Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development” father’s rights Am Psychol 53 (2): 185–204 father’s rights doi:10 father’s rights1037/0003–066X father’s rights53 father’s rights2 father’s rights185 father’s rights PMID 9491747 father’s rights http://content father’s rightsapa father’s rightsorg/journals/amp/53/2/185 father’s rights
59 father’s rights ^ Hart, CH (1999) father’s rights “Combating the Myth that Parents Don’t Matter” father’s rights The Howard Center for Family Religion and Society father’s rights http://www father’s rightsworldcongress father’s rightsorg/wcf2_spkrs/wcf2_hart father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-28 father’s rights
60 father’s rights ^ “Deconstructing the Essential Father” father’s rights SPARC father’s rights http://www father’s rightsdeltabravo father’s rightsnet/custody/deconstruct father’s rightsphp father’s rights Retrieved 2007-09-22 father’s rights
61 father’s rights ^ a b Baskerville, S (2004) father’s rights “Is There Really A Fatherhood Crisis?” father’s rights The Independent Institute father’s rights http://www father’s rightsindependent father’s rightsorg/publications/tir/article father’s rightsasp?issueID=13&articleID=35 father’s rights Retrieved 2007-05-01 father’s rights
62 father’s rights ^ a b Schlafly, P (2005-02-02) father’s rights “The Fatherphobia of Family Courts” father’s rights http://www father’s rightseagleforum father’s rightsorg/column/2005/feb05/05-02-02 father’s rightshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2007-04-24 father’s rights
63 father’s rights ^ Newdow, M (2004-06-18) father’s rights “Family Feud” father’s rights Slate father’s rights http://www father’s rightsslate father’s rightscom/id/2102650/ father’s rights Retrieved 2007-04-30 father’s rights
64 father’s rights ^ “An Appeal to the Parents of America about the Destruction of the American Family” (pdf) father’s rights American Coalition of Fathers and Children father’s rights http://www father’s rightsacfc father’s rightsorg/site/DocServer/ACFC2saved father’s rightspdf?docID=181 father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-15 father’s rights
65 father’s rights ^ “Testimony in Support of an Act Relative to Shared Parenting” (PDF) father’s rights Fathers & Families father’s rights 2003-09-25 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfathersandfamilies father’s rightsorg/Publications/Test%20HB%202464%20Custody father’s rightspdf father’s rights Retrieved 2007-10-14 father’s rights
66 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights21 father’s rights
67 father’s rights ^ Yee, MY (2002) father’s rights “A Model of Children’s Postdivorce Behavioral Adjustment in Maternal- and Dual-Residence Arrangements” father’s rights Journal of Family Issues 23 (5): 672–697 father’s rights doi:10 father’s rights1177/0192513X02023005005 father’s rights http://jfi father’s rightssagepub father’s rightscom/cgi/content/abstract/23/5/672 father’s rights ; lay-summary
68 father’s rights ^ American Bar Association (2000), Guide to Family Law: Effect of Joint Custody, http://family father’s rightsfindlaw father’s rightscom/child-support/support-guidelines/joint-custody-support father’s rightshtml, retrieved 2007-03-15
69 father’s rights ^ “Fathers’ Responsibilities Before Fathers’ Rights” father’s rights NOW-NYS father’s rights 2006-07-29 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsnownys father’s rightsorg/fathers_resp father’s rightshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2007-09-09 father’s rights
70 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 305 father’s rights
71 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 249 father’s rights
72 father’s rights ^ Callander, Debbi; Martin Dufresne, Janet Menezes and Ellen Murray father’s rights “On Abuse, Shared Parenting, & the System” father’s rights http://www father’s rightswomanabuseprevention father’s rightscom/html/questions___answers father’s rightshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-24 father’s rights
73 father’s rights ^ “Fathers’ Rights Are Fathers’ Duties” father’s rights FatherMag father’s rightsCom father’s rights 1998–2000 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfathermag father’s rightscom/803/action/ father’s rights Retrieved 2007-10-14 father’s rights
74 father’s rights ^ “Position Paper of Fathers & Families” (PDF) father’s rights Fathers & Families father’s rights 2007 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfathersandfamilies father’s rightsorg/Publications/Legislation/2007_HB1460_SB994_Position_Paper_Shared_Parenting father’s rightspdf father’s rights Retrieved 2007-10-06 father’s rights
75 father’s rights ^ a b c “Comments on the Child Support Guidelines” father’s rights F father’s rightsA father’s rightsC father’s rightsT father’s rights Fathers Are Capable Too: Parenting Association father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfact father’s rightson father’s rightsca/fin_supp/factcs7 father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-04-12 father’s rights
76 father’s rights ^ a b c “Recommendations for Child Support Guideline Revisement June, 2001” father’s rights June 2001 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsfatherhoodcoalition father’s rightsorg/cpf/2001/CSGuidelineRecommendations2001 father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-04-15 father’s rights
77 father’s rights ^ Wilson, KC (2004-09-15) father’s rights “The Subversion of Child Support” father’s rights IFeminists father’s rightsCom father’s rights http://www father’s rightsifeminists father’s rightsnet/introduction/editorials/2004/0915wilson father’s rightshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-17 father’s rights
78 father’s rights ^ Morgan, LW (2005-02-15) father’s rights “The “Cost Share” model of child support guidelines” father’s rights http://www father’s rightssupportguidelines father’s rightscom/articles/art200407 father’s rightshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-24 father’s rights
79 father’s rights ^ Maldonado, S (2006) father’s rights “Deadbeat or Deadbroke: Redefining Child Support for Poor Fathers” (PDF) father’s rights http://lawreview father’s rightslaw father’s rightsucdavis father’s rightsedu/issues/Vol39/Issue3/DavisVol39No3_MALDONADO father’s rightspdf father’s rights Retrieved 2007-06-21 father’s rights
80 father’s rights ^ a b c Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 298 father’s rights
81 father’s rights ^ a b “Controlling Domestic Violence Against Men” father’s rights Equal Justice Foundation father’s rights 2002 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsejfi father’s rightsorg/DV/dv-9 father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-10-04 father’s rights
82 father’s rights ^ a b “An Epidemic of Civil Rights Abuses: Ranking of States’ Domestic Violence Laws” (PDF) father’s rights Respecting accuracy in domestic abuse reporting father’s rights September 2006 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsmediaradar father’s rightsorg/docs/Ranking-of-States-DV-Laws father’s rightspdf father’s rights Retrieved 2007-05-05 father’s rights
83 father’s rights ^ “Claims about Husband Battering” father’s rights American Coalition of Fathers and Children father’s rights August 1999 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsxyonline father’s rightsnet/husbandbattering father’s rightsshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2007-09-21 father’s rights
84 father’s rights ^ a b “October’s Domestic Violence Awareness Month Ignores Many Victims” father’s rights American Coalition of Fathers and Children father’s rights October 2006 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsacfc father’s rightsorg/site/PageServer?pagename=octobers_dv_awareness father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-15 father’s rights
85 father’s rights ^ “Equal Rights Amendment Yes, ‘Women’s Equality Amendment’ No” father’s rights GlennSacks father’s rightsCom father’s rights October 2006 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsglennsacks father’s rightscom/equal_rights_amendment father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-04-15 father’s rights
86 father’s rights ^ Taft, A; Hegarty K; Flood M (2001) father’s rights “Are men and women equally violent to intimate partners?” father’s rights Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 25 (6): 498–500 father’s rights
87 father’s rights ^ a b Flood, Michael (2006-02-23/24) father’s rights “The Debate Over Men’s Versus Women’s Family Violence” father’s rights Australian Institute of Judicial Administration Family Violence Conference father’s rights Adelaide father’s rights
88 father’s rights ^ Archer, J (1999) father’s rights “Assessment of the reliability of the Conflict Tactics Scale: A meta-analytic review” father’s rights Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14 (12): 1263–1289 father’s rights
89 father’s rights ^ “Equal Parents Week Highlights Need for Family Court Reform” father’s rights GlennSacks father’s rightsCom father’s rights 2002-09-26 father’s rights http://glennsacks father’s rightscom/equal_parents_week_pf father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-15 father’s rights
90 father’s rights ^ “AB 400 Will Help Wisconsin’s Children of Divorce” father’s rights glennsacks father’s rightscom father’s rights 2005-06-17 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsglennsacks father’s rightscom/ab_400_will father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-05-12 father’s rights
91 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 45 father’s rights
92 father’s rights ^ a b Schlafly, P (2006) father’s rights “Phyllis Schlafly’s keynote address” (wmv) father’s rights American Coalition of Fathers and Children father’s rights http://www father’s rightsacfc father’s rightsorg/media/video/2006nflrc/ka/ka-schlafly father’s rightswmv father’s rights Retrieved 2007-05-12 father’s rights
93 father’s rights ^ a b Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 46 father’s rights
94 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights44 father’s rights
95 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 76–77 father’s rights
96 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 306 father’s rights
97 father’s rights ^ Khader, Serene J father’s rights (October–December 2008) father’s rights “When Equality Justifies Women’s Subjection: Luce Irigaray’s Critique of Equality and the Fathers’ Rights Movement” father’s rights Hypatia:A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (Indiana University Press) 23 (4): pp father’s rights 48–74 father’s rights doi:10 father’s rights2979/HYP father’s rights2008 father’s rights23 father’s rights4 father’s rights48 father’s rights
98 father’s rights ^ “Restoring Control over matrimonial and family law” father’s rights September 2004 father’s rights http://www father’s rightsukmm father’s rightsorg father’s rightsuk/publics/rcomfl/report father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2008-12-07 father’s rights
99 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, pp father’s rights 18, 268, 287 father’s rights
100 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 287 father’s rights
101 father’s rights ^ Baskerville, 2007, p father’s rights 20 father’s rights
102 father’s rights ^ Gavanas, A (2002) father’s rights “The Fatherhood Responsibility Movement: the centrality of marriage, work and male sexuality in reconstructions of masculinity and fatherhood” father’s rights in Hobson B father’s rights Making Men Into Fathers: Men, Masculinities and the Social Politics of Fatherhood father’s rights Cambridge University Press father’s rights pp father’s rights 220 father’s rights ISBN 0511029527 father’s rights
103 father’s rights ^ “Unwarranted Adoptions” father’s rights BBC father’s rights http://news father’s rightsbbc father’s rightsco father’s rightsuk/1/hi/help/3662494 father’s rightsstm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-06-05 father’s rights
104 father’s rights ^ Leving, JM; Sacks G (2007-07-11) father’s rights “Choosing foster parents over fathers” father’s rights The San Diego Union-Tribune father’s rights http://www father’s rightssignonsandiego father’s rightscom/uniontrib/20070711/news_lz1e11leving father’s rightshtml father’s rights Retrieved 2007-10-05 father’s rights
105 father’s rights ^ “Bob Geldof” father’s rights Shared Parenting Information Group (SPIG) UK father’s rights http://www father’s rightsspig father’s rightsclara father’s rightsnet/geldof father’s rightshtm father’s rights Retrieved 2007-05-01 father’s rights
106 father’s rights ^ “Welcome to California Shared Parenting Alliance” father’s rights California Shared Parenting Alliance father’s rights http://cspaonline father’s rightsorg/ father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-18 father’s rights
107 father’s rights ^ Fittro, T; Baskerville S father’s rights “Family law reform helps children” father’s rights Sunday Gazette Mail father’s rights http://www father’s rightswvgazette father’s rightscom/section//2007022517 father’s rights Retrieved 2007-03-18 father’s rights

[edit] References

* Baskerville, S (2007) father’s rights Taken into Custody: The War Against Fatherhood, Marriage, and the Family father’s rights Cumberland House Publishing father’s rights ISBN 1-58182-594-3 father’s rights
* Collier, R; Sheldon S (eds father’s rights) (2006) father’s rights Fathers’ Rights Activism and Law Reform in Comparative Perspective father’s rights Hart Publishing father’s rights ISBN 1841136298 father’s rights
* Farrell, Warren (2001) father’s rights Father and Child Reunion father’s rights Putnam father’s rights ISBN 978–1585420759 father’s rights
* Parke, RD; Brot AA (1999) father’s rights Throwaway Dads: The Myths and Barriers that Keep Men from Being the Fathers They Want to be father’s rights Houghton Mifflin father’s rights ISBN 0395860415 father’s rights http://books father’s rightsgoogle father’s rightsca/books?id=uKN8gCzWFscC&printsec=frontcover father’s rights

[edit] External links
Men’s rights portal

* Fathers’ rights movement at the Open Directory Project

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